4+4 is 8 But so is 6+2 And 7+1

You can’t guess which two numbers I started with knowing just the answer

Code is the same, just with much bigger numbers and more of them

I actually work on a C++ compiler… I think I should weigh in. The general consensus here that things are lossy is correct but perhaps non-obvious if you’re not familiar with the domain.

When you compile a program you’re taking the source, turning into a graph that represents every aspect of the program, and then generating some kind of IR that then gets turned into machine code.

You lose things like code comments because the machine doesn’t care about the comments right off the bat.

Then you lose local variable and function parameter names because the machine doesn’t care about those things.

Then you lose your class structure … because the machine really just cares about the total size of the thing it’s passing around. You can recover some of this information by looking at the functions but it’s not always going to be straight forward because not every constructor initializes everything and things like unions add further complexity … and not every memory allocation uses a constructor. You won’t get any names of any data members/fields though because … again the machine doesn’t care.

So what you’re left with is basically the mangled names of functions and what you can derive from how instructions access memory.

The mangled names normally tell you a lot, the namespace, the class (if any), and the argument count and types. Of course that’s not guaranteed either, it’s just because that’s how we come up with unique stable names for the various things in your program. It could function with a bunch of UUIDs if you setup a table on the compilers side to associate everything.

But wait! There’s more! The optimizer can do some really wild things in the name of speed… Including combining functions. Those constructors? Gone, now they’re just some more operations in the function bodies. That function you wrote to help improve readability of your code? Gone. That function you wrote to deduplicate code? Gone. That eloquent recursive logic you wrote? Gone, now it’s the moral equivalent of a giant mess of goto statements. That template code that makes use of dozens of instantiated functions? Those functions are gone now too; instead it’s all the instantiated logic puked out into one giant function. That piece of logic computing a value? Well the compiler figured out it’s always 27, so the logic to compute it? Gone.

Now all of that stuff doesn’t happen every time, particularly not all of those things are always possible optimizations or good optimizations … But you can see how incredibly difficult it is to reconstruct a program once it’s been compiled and gone through optimization. There’s a very low chance if you do reconstruct it, that it will look anything like what you started with.

You can. It’s called decompiling. Problem is you lose all the human friendly metadata that was in the original source code, meaning comments, variable names, certain code structures are lost forever because it was deleted in the compilation process. There are tools to help you reintroduce that stuff by going through the variables and trying to make sense out of what they were for but it’s super tedious. With new ai tech that can certainly be improved with AI guessing what they were for but you’ll never get the original meta data back.

@Squizzy
Lots of other people have addressed this, so I won’t repeat the whole thing. You can absolutely do disassembly work, it’s just a pain in the rear.
But it’s actually been done for Mario, since you brought it up:
https://github.com/IsoFrieze/SMWDisX
And also Pokemon.

As I’ve read somewhere once: it’s easy to make a burger out of a cow. Making a cow out of a burger is slightly harder.

That means that compiling code is a lossy process - the original code is lost in the process and can never be recovered because it doesn’t exist anywhere anymore.

The best and simplest explanation I’ve seen: The machine code tells the computer what to do while the source code tells the human why it’s doing it.

Your computer doesn’t need all the “why” information to run the game, so the compilation process gets rid of it. What you’re left with are instructions on exactly what computations to do, and that’s all the computer needs.

For example, you can see in the machine code that two numbers are being added together. What do those numbers mean and why are we adding them? The source code can tell you that this is code that controls movement, one of the numbers is a velocity, the other is the player’s current position.

The general difference is that you lose out on metadata - names, comments and organization that helps the source code in whatever programming language make sense, but which is not needed to actually execute the desired behavior on your CPU. Usually stuff like sensible names for bits of your code - functions/reusable logic, storage locations for “health” or “armor” or “current powerup”, movement states, types of objects etc.

However, most of these are just another kind of number to the computer itself, so a lot of compilation processes strip a lot of this information. You could still reverse engineer it, but you’re missing context (like all those names) from the original code and that makes the work potentially pretty difficult. Bear in mind that reading actual original source code is sometimes cryptic enough, then compare “if player is dead, show game over screen” to if (sdfdfgsdfg == jgdfg) { lkghku(); } because the “decompiler” has to invent some kind of name for everything that’s missing. Now you have to deal with thousands of jfdsghklgs, and figure out what it all means.

You can certainly decompile things back down to machine code, but there could be gaps and things lost in translation between the programming language used to create the program, and the machine code that results when you take it apart again.

When you program, like actually write the code, you’re using one language. When you compile it, you’re passing it off to an interpreter into another language. There could be even more layers of this depending on what you’re doing.

Now think about what happens when you open a translator, enter some words, translate it to one language, and then another, and back to the original. It comes out all wrong; the same thing happens with code. There’s nuance and flavor imparted by the language itself that isn’t kept through the interpretation of that language to the language that actually is used by the computer to do its tasks.

The compilation process discards information in the process leaving a many to one effect. A good decompiler allows one to retrieve a program that is functionally equivalent to the source code but not exactly the source code.

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Others have explained that decompiling is a thing.

I mainly work in Java where (due to the way Java bytecode works) decompiled code is actually very close to the original source code.

Most games are written in low level languages like C++ where that is not the case, variable and function names are lost during compilation.

Code can be decompiled, but generally the end result isn’t human readable. Just having the decompiler version isn’t that valuable. Having the source code as written is more helpful because you get the context of what things were named and how it was organized.

Decompiled code is a bit like reading a book with all the nouns being random letters and verbs being random numbers.

It can, but it would just be the assembly instructions.

Usually we use high level programming languages when developing software, you’d make the cat class, the dog class, both inheriting from the animal class etc. to make our job easier.

When you compile the code, all the cute stuff gets removed, and the resulting code gets optimized as much as possible, which means you can’t get back to the nice cat and dog code anymore.

A bit like a painter uses thousands of brush strokes to make a painting, it would be very hard to figure out which ones he made to make that specific painting, even if you have access to the painting.

The same reason you can’t unbake a cake I’d imagine.